Camberwell College has one 50m (Olympic sized) pool with a constant depth of 2m throughout, and one 25m pool with a 1m shallow end and a 4m deep end. Both pools may be used by the general public at certain times.
50m Pool
The pool is often used for classes, but the general public may use two lanes for lane swimming at the following times.
Monday: 0630 -1130 and 1900 - 2100
Tuesday: 0630 -1130 and 1800 - 2100
Wednesday: 0630 -1330 and 1730 - 2130
Thursday: 0630 -1330
Friday: 0630 -1330
Weekends: 0900 - 1700
Children under the age of 14 must be accompanied by an adult.
Please note that during College holidays, these times will vary. Contact the swimming pool on 04837 393560 for up-to-date information.
25m Pool
The 25 metre pool is available for recreational (non-lane) swimming from 0700-0900 and 1230-1330 on weekdays, and 1000 – 1600 on Saturdays.
Children aged 12 and under must be accompanied.
We regret that the 25m pool will be closed for refurbishment between 21st July and 18th August. The men's changing rooms will be closed for the week beginning 18th August, and the women's changing rooms will be closed the following week. Alternative changing facilities will be made available. We apologise for any disruption this may cause.
It’s an essential life skill, it can make you fit and it provides fun for all the family. Camberwell College’s offers swimming classes whatever for your needs, whether you want to swim competitively, you are trying to stay healthy or you want to learn.
We offer separate classes for adults and children, following the National Plan for Teaching Swimming (NPTS). We will guide you from your first splash and help you develop your confidence in the water.
Swim-A-Long
This class is suitable for parents with children aged up to the age of 1.5 years. This class allows very young children to gain confidence in the water, by way of songs and music.
Tadpole to Frog Classes
This series of classes is suitable for children aged 1.5 upwards. There are six levels in the series. The first level is suitable for non-swimmers and teaches basic techniques and safety, using aids and floats. By the time students reach the sixth level, they will be able to swim independently and will be eligible to join the Swim Star classes.
Swim Star
An opportunity for able swimmers to earn the Bronze, Silver and Gold swimming awards. These classes teach children the ability to swim for prolonged periods of time, and teach skills such as diving, turning and different strokes. Children who successfully complete the Swim Star programme will be invited to join the Youth Squad and learn competitive swimming techniques.
Swim School
The swim school offers classes for adults. There are three levels, beginner, intermediate and advanced. The beginner’s class is suitable for people who are new to swimming; the intermediate level is designed for swimmers who want to brush up on their swimming style, and the advanced level offers in-depth advice on stamina, breathing and technique.
Aqua Health
We offer a range of levels of fitness classes for able swimmers who wish to keep fit, socialise and have fun to music. Aqua-Light offers gentle exercise and is suitable for the elderly. Aqua-Pump is a high energy class which builds your strength and tones your body.
Thursday 13 October 2011
Reading Test 1
Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.
There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.
When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in "rote rehearsal". By repeating something over and over again, one is able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a pen and paper are not handy, people often attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number instantly.* Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory.* A better way is to practice "elaborate rehearsal". *This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories.*
Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can easily recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often; however, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.
There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.
When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in "rote rehearsal". By repeating something over and over again, one is able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a pen and paper are not handy, people often attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before a person has the opportunity to make a phone call, he will likely forget the number instantly.* Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory.* A better way is to practice "elaborate rehearsal". *This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories.*
Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can easily recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often; however, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization.
Thursday 6 October 2011
Reading Test
PART 1 Smart Energy
The next few decades will see great changes in the way energy is supplied and used. In some major oil producing nations, 'peak oil' has already been reached, and there are increasing fears of global warming. Consequently, many countries are focusing on the switch to a low carbon economy. This transition will lead to major changes in the supply and use of electricity.
[A] Firstly, there will be an increase in overall demand, as consumers switch from oil and gas to electricity to power their homes and vehicles.
[B] Secondly, there will be an increase in power generation, not only in terms of how much is generated, but also how it is generated, as there is growing electricity generation from renewable sources.
[C] To meet these challenges, countries are investing in Smart Grid technology. [D] This system aims to provide the electricity industry with a better understanding of power generation and demand, and to use this information to create a more efficient power network.
Smart Grid technology basically involves the application of a computer system to the electricity network. The computer system can be used to collect information about supply and demand and improve engineer's ability to manage the system. With better information about electricity demand, the network will be able to increase the amount of electricity delivered per unit generated, leading to potential reductions in fuel needs and carbon emissions. Moreover, the computer system will assist in reducing operational and maintenance costs.
Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the consumer too. They will be able to collect real-time information on their energy use for each appliance. Varying tariffs throughout the day will give customers the incentive to use appliances at times when supply greatly exceeds demand, leading to great reductions in bills. For example, they may use their washing machines at night. Smart meters can also be connected to the internet or telephone system, allowing customers to switch appliances on or off remotely. Furthermore, if houses are fitted with the apparatus to generate their own power, appliances can be set to run directly from the on-site power source, and any excess can be sold to the grid.
With these changes comes a range of challenges. The first involves managing the supply and demand. Sources of renewable energy, such as wind, wave and solar, are notoriously unpredictable, and nuclear power, which is also set to increase as nations switch to alternative energy sources, is inflexible. With oil and gas, it is relatively simple to increase the supply of energy to match the increasing demand during peak times of the day or year. With alternative sources, this is far more difficult, and may lead to blackouts or system collapse. Potential solutions include investigating new and efficient ways to store energy and encouraging consumers to use electricity at off-peak times.
A second problem is the fact that many renewable power generation sources are located in remote areas, such as windy uplands and coastal regions, where there is currently a lack of electrical infrastructure. New infrastructures therefore must be built. Thankfully, with improved smart technology, this can be done more efficiently by reducing the reinforcement or construction costs.
Although Smart Technology is still in its infancy, pilot schemes to promote and test it are already underway. Consumers are currently testing the new smart meters which can be used in their homes to manage electricity use. There are also a number of demonstrations being planned to show how the smart technology could practically work, and trials are in place to test the new electrical infrastructure. It is likely that technology will be added in 'layers', starting with 'quick win' methods which will provide initial carbon savings, to be followed by more advanced systems at a later date. Cities are prime candidates for investment into smart energy, due to the high population density and high energy use. It is here where Smart Technology is likely to be promoted first, utilising a range of sustainable power sources, transport solutions and an infrastructure for charging electrically powered vehicles. The infrastructure is already changing fast. By the year 2050, changes in the energy supply will have transformed our homes, our roads and our behaviour.
1 According to paragraph 1, what has happened in some oil producing countries?
A They are unwilling to sell their oil any more.
B They are not producing as much oil as they used to.
C The supply of oil is unpredictable.
D Global warming is more sever here than in other countries.
2 Where in paragraph 1 can the following sentence be placed?
There is also likely more electricity generation centres, as households and communities take up the opportunity to install photovoltaic cells and small scale wind turbines.
A
B
C
D
3 Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Smart Grid technology to consumers?
A It can reduce their electricity bills.
B It can tell them how much energy each appliance is using.
C It can allow them to turn appliances on and off when they are not at home.
D It can reduce the amount of energy needed to power appliances.
4 According to paragraph 4, what is the problem with using renewable sources of power?
A They do not provide much energy.
B They often cause system failure and blackouts.
C They do not supply a continuous flow of energy.
D They can't be used at off-peak times.
5 In paragraph 5, what can be inferred about cities in the future?
A More people will be living in cities in the future than nowadays.
B People in cities will be using cars and buses powered by electricity.
C All buildings will generate their own electricity.
D Smart Grid technology will only be available in cities.
6 The word 'remote' in paragraph 5 could be best replace by:
A isolated
B crowded
C attractive
D alone
PART 2:Risk-Taking and the Monkey Economy
Humans are uniquely smart among all the other species on the planet. We are capable of outstanding feats of technology and engineering. Then why are we so prone to making mistakes? And why do we tend to make the same ones time and time again? When Primate Psychologist Laurie Santos from the Comparative Cognition Lab at Yale University posed this question to her team, they were thinking in particular of the errors of judgement which led to the recent collapse of the financial markets. Santos came to two possible answers to this question. Either humans have designed environments which are too complex for us to fully understand, or we are biologically prone to making bad decisions.
In order to test these theories, the team selected a group of Brown Capuchin monkeys. Monkeys were selected for the test because, as distant relatives of humans, they are intelligent and have the capacity to learn. However, they are not influenced by any of the technological or cultural environments which affect human decision-making. The team wanted to test whether the capuchin monkeys, when put into similar situations as humans, would make the same mistakes.
[A] Of particular interest to the scientists was whether monkeys would make the same mistakes when making financial decisions. [B] In order to find out, they had to introduce the monkeys to money. [C] The monkeys soon cottoned on, and as well as learning simple exchange techniques, were soon able to distinguish 'bargains' – If one team-member offered two grapes in exchange for a metal disc and another team-member offered one grape, the monkeys chose the two-grape option. [D] Interestingly, when the data about the monkey's purchasing strategies was compared with economist's data on human behaviour, there was a perfect match.
So, after establishing that the monkey market was operating effectively, the team decided to introduce some problems which humans generally get wrong. One of these issues is risk-taking. Imagine that someone gave you $1000. In addition to this $1000, you can receive either A) an additional $500 or B) someone tosses a coin and if it lands 'heads' you receive an additional $1000, but if it lands 'tails' you receive no more money. Of these options, most people tend to choose option A. They prefer guaranteed earnings, rather than running the risk of receiving nothing. Now imagine a second situation in which you are given $2000. Now, you can choose to either A) lose $500, leaving you with a total of $1500, or B) toss a coin; if it lands 'heads' you lose nothing, but if it lands 'tails' you lose $1000, leaving you with only $1000. Interestingly, when we stand to lose money, we tend to choose the more risky choice, option B. And as we know from the experience of financial investors and gamblers, it is unwise to take risks when we are on a losing streak.
So would the monkeys make the same basic error of judgement? The team put them to the test by giving them similar options. In the first test, monkeys had the option of exchanging their disc for one grape and receiving one bonus grape, or exchanging the grape for one grape and sometimes receiving two bonus grapes and sometimes receiving no bonus. It turned out that monkeys, like humans, chose the less risky option in times of plenty. Then the experiment was reversed. Monkeys were offered three grapes, but in option A were only actually given two grapes. In option B, they had a fifty-fifty chance of receiving all three grapes or one grape only. The results were that monkeys, like humans, take more risks in times of loss.
The implications of this experiment are that because monkeys make the same irrational judgements that humans do, maybe human error is not a result of the complexity of our financial institutions, but is imbedded in our evolutionary history. If this is the case, our errors of judgement will be very difficult to overcome. On a more optimistic note however, humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them. By recognising them, we can design technologies which will help us to make better choices in future.
1 What was the aim of the experiment outlined above?
A To investigate whether monkeys could learn to use money
B To investigate where human mistakes come from
C To find out whether it is better to take risks in times of loss
D To determine whether monkeys make more mistakes than humans
2 Where in paragraph 3 could the sentence below be best placed?
The team distributed metal discs to the monkeys, and taught them that the discs could be exchanged with team-members for food.
A
B
C
D
3 Which of the following statements is the best paraphrase of the highlighted sentence?
On a more optimistic note however, humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them.
A Hopefully, humans will soon be able to solve these problems.
B Fortunately, humans can solve problems that we know about.
C Luckily, humans do not have many limitations which have been identified.
D We are happy to note that we can solve the problem which we have identified.
4 The words 'cottoned on' are closest in meaning to:
A learnt
B knew
C completed
D concluded
5 Which paragraph addresses why monkeys were chosen for the experiment?
A Paragraph 2
B Paragraph 3
C Paragraph 4
D Paragraph 5
6 What can be inferred about Laurie Santos?
A She thinks that both humans and monkeys are greedy.
B Her job frequently involves working with monkeys.
C She believes that humans should never take risks.
D She prefers monkeys to humans.
The next few decades will see great changes in the way energy is supplied and used. In some major oil producing nations, 'peak oil' has already been reached, and there are increasing fears of global warming. Consequently, many countries are focusing on the switch to a low carbon economy. This transition will lead to major changes in the supply and use of electricity.
[A] Firstly, there will be an increase in overall demand, as consumers switch from oil and gas to electricity to power their homes and vehicles.
[B] Secondly, there will be an increase in power generation, not only in terms of how much is generated, but also how it is generated, as there is growing electricity generation from renewable sources.
[C] To meet these challenges, countries are investing in Smart Grid technology. [D] This system aims to provide the electricity industry with a better understanding of power generation and demand, and to use this information to create a more efficient power network.
Smart Grid technology basically involves the application of a computer system to the electricity network. The computer system can be used to collect information about supply and demand and improve engineer's ability to manage the system. With better information about electricity demand, the network will be able to increase the amount of electricity delivered per unit generated, leading to potential reductions in fuel needs and carbon emissions. Moreover, the computer system will assist in reducing operational and maintenance costs.
Smart Grid technology offers benefits to the consumer too. They will be able to collect real-time information on their energy use for each appliance. Varying tariffs throughout the day will give customers the incentive to use appliances at times when supply greatly exceeds demand, leading to great reductions in bills. For example, they may use their washing machines at night. Smart meters can also be connected to the internet or telephone system, allowing customers to switch appliances on or off remotely. Furthermore, if houses are fitted with the apparatus to generate their own power, appliances can be set to run directly from the on-site power source, and any excess can be sold to the grid.
With these changes comes a range of challenges. The first involves managing the supply and demand. Sources of renewable energy, such as wind, wave and solar, are notoriously unpredictable, and nuclear power, which is also set to increase as nations switch to alternative energy sources, is inflexible. With oil and gas, it is relatively simple to increase the supply of energy to match the increasing demand during peak times of the day or year. With alternative sources, this is far more difficult, and may lead to blackouts or system collapse. Potential solutions include investigating new and efficient ways to store energy and encouraging consumers to use electricity at off-peak times.
A second problem is the fact that many renewable power generation sources are located in remote areas, such as windy uplands and coastal regions, where there is currently a lack of electrical infrastructure. New infrastructures therefore must be built. Thankfully, with improved smart technology, this can be done more efficiently by reducing the reinforcement or construction costs.
Although Smart Technology is still in its infancy, pilot schemes to promote and test it are already underway. Consumers are currently testing the new smart meters which can be used in their homes to manage electricity use. There are also a number of demonstrations being planned to show how the smart technology could practically work, and trials are in place to test the new electrical infrastructure. It is likely that technology will be added in 'layers', starting with 'quick win' methods which will provide initial carbon savings, to be followed by more advanced systems at a later date. Cities are prime candidates for investment into smart energy, due to the high population density and high energy use. It is here where Smart Technology is likely to be promoted first, utilising a range of sustainable power sources, transport solutions and an infrastructure for charging electrically powered vehicles. The infrastructure is already changing fast. By the year 2050, changes in the energy supply will have transformed our homes, our roads and our behaviour.
1 According to paragraph 1, what has happened in some oil producing countries?
A They are unwilling to sell their oil any more.
B They are not producing as much oil as they used to.
C The supply of oil is unpredictable.
D Global warming is more sever here than in other countries.
2 Where in paragraph 1 can the following sentence be placed?
There is also likely more electricity generation centres, as households and communities take up the opportunity to install photovoltaic cells and small scale wind turbines.
A
B
C
D
3 Which of the following is NOT a benefit of Smart Grid technology to consumers?
A It can reduce their electricity bills.
B It can tell them how much energy each appliance is using.
C It can allow them to turn appliances on and off when they are not at home.
D It can reduce the amount of energy needed to power appliances.
4 According to paragraph 4, what is the problem with using renewable sources of power?
A They do not provide much energy.
B They often cause system failure and blackouts.
C They do not supply a continuous flow of energy.
D They can't be used at off-peak times.
5 In paragraph 5, what can be inferred about cities in the future?
A More people will be living in cities in the future than nowadays.
B People in cities will be using cars and buses powered by electricity.
C All buildings will generate their own electricity.
D Smart Grid technology will only be available in cities.
6 The word 'remote' in paragraph 5 could be best replace by:
A isolated
B crowded
C attractive
D alone
PART 2:Risk-Taking and the Monkey Economy
Humans are uniquely smart among all the other species on the planet. We are capable of outstanding feats of technology and engineering. Then why are we so prone to making mistakes? And why do we tend to make the same ones time and time again? When Primate Psychologist Laurie Santos from the Comparative Cognition Lab at Yale University posed this question to her team, they were thinking in particular of the errors of judgement which led to the recent collapse of the financial markets. Santos came to two possible answers to this question. Either humans have designed environments which are too complex for us to fully understand, or we are biologically prone to making bad decisions.
In order to test these theories, the team selected a group of Brown Capuchin monkeys. Monkeys were selected for the test because, as distant relatives of humans, they are intelligent and have the capacity to learn. However, they are not influenced by any of the technological or cultural environments which affect human decision-making. The team wanted to test whether the capuchin monkeys, when put into similar situations as humans, would make the same mistakes.
[A] Of particular interest to the scientists was whether monkeys would make the same mistakes when making financial decisions. [B] In order to find out, they had to introduce the monkeys to money. [C] The monkeys soon cottoned on, and as well as learning simple exchange techniques, were soon able to distinguish 'bargains' – If one team-member offered two grapes in exchange for a metal disc and another team-member offered one grape, the monkeys chose the two-grape option. [D] Interestingly, when the data about the monkey's purchasing strategies was compared with economist's data on human behaviour, there was a perfect match.
So, after establishing that the monkey market was operating effectively, the team decided to introduce some problems which humans generally get wrong. One of these issues is risk-taking. Imagine that someone gave you $1000. In addition to this $1000, you can receive either A) an additional $500 or B) someone tosses a coin and if it lands 'heads' you receive an additional $1000, but if it lands 'tails' you receive no more money. Of these options, most people tend to choose option A. They prefer guaranteed earnings, rather than running the risk of receiving nothing. Now imagine a second situation in which you are given $2000. Now, you can choose to either A) lose $500, leaving you with a total of $1500, or B) toss a coin; if it lands 'heads' you lose nothing, but if it lands 'tails' you lose $1000, leaving you with only $1000. Interestingly, when we stand to lose money, we tend to choose the more risky choice, option B. And as we know from the experience of financial investors and gamblers, it is unwise to take risks when we are on a losing streak.
So would the monkeys make the same basic error of judgement? The team put them to the test by giving them similar options. In the first test, monkeys had the option of exchanging their disc for one grape and receiving one bonus grape, or exchanging the grape for one grape and sometimes receiving two bonus grapes and sometimes receiving no bonus. It turned out that monkeys, like humans, chose the less risky option in times of plenty. Then the experiment was reversed. Monkeys were offered three grapes, but in option A were only actually given two grapes. In option B, they had a fifty-fifty chance of receiving all three grapes or one grape only. The results were that monkeys, like humans, take more risks in times of loss.
The implications of this experiment are that because monkeys make the same irrational judgements that humans do, maybe human error is not a result of the complexity of our financial institutions, but is imbedded in our evolutionary history. If this is the case, our errors of judgement will be very difficult to overcome. On a more optimistic note however, humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them. By recognising them, we can design technologies which will help us to make better choices in future.
1 What was the aim of the experiment outlined above?
A To investigate whether monkeys could learn to use money
B To investigate where human mistakes come from
C To find out whether it is better to take risks in times of loss
D To determine whether monkeys make more mistakes than humans
2 Where in paragraph 3 could the sentence below be best placed?
The team distributed metal discs to the monkeys, and taught them that the discs could be exchanged with team-members for food.
A
B
C
D
3 Which of the following statements is the best paraphrase of the highlighted sentence?
On a more optimistic note however, humans are fully capable of overcoming limitations once we have identified them.
A Hopefully, humans will soon be able to solve these problems.
B Fortunately, humans can solve problems that we know about.
C Luckily, humans do not have many limitations which have been identified.
D We are happy to note that we can solve the problem which we have identified.
4 The words 'cottoned on' are closest in meaning to:
A learnt
B knew
C completed
D concluded
5 Which paragraph addresses why monkeys were chosen for the experiment?
A Paragraph 2
B Paragraph 3
C Paragraph 4
D Paragraph 5
6 What can be inferred about Laurie Santos?
A She thinks that both humans and monkeys are greedy.
B Her job frequently involves working with monkeys.
C She believes that humans should never take risks.
D She prefers monkeys to humans.
Tuesday 27 September 2011
task 3
Berikan contoh asam monoprotic, asam dipronic dan asam triponic.
2. Sebutkan karakteristik reaksi penetralan asam-basa
3. Bedakan senyawa-senyawa berikut ke dalam asam/basa kuat/lemah:
NH3, H3PO4, LiOH, HCOOH, H2SO4,HF, Ba(OH)2
4. Identifisikan senyawa-senyawa berikut ke dalam asam, basa Bronsted atau keduanya.
HI, CH3COO-, H2PO4- dan HSO4-, ClO2-, NH4+ dan HCO3-.
5. Setarakan persamaan reaksi berikut dan tuliskan persamaan reaksi ionnya dan persamaan total ion (jika ada)
a. HBr + NH3
b. Ba(OH)2 + H3PO4
c. HClO4 + Mg(OH)2
d. CH3COOH + KOH
e. H2CO3 + NaOH
f. HNO3 + Ba(OH)2
Catatan; please be noticed that due to blogger limited for editing text; i can't used an upper or below text.
2. Sebutkan karakteristik reaksi penetralan asam-basa
3. Bedakan senyawa-senyawa berikut ke dalam asam/basa kuat/lemah:
NH3, H3PO4, LiOH, HCOOH, H2SO4,HF, Ba(OH)2
4. Identifisikan senyawa-senyawa berikut ke dalam asam, basa Bronsted atau keduanya.
HI, CH3COO-, H2PO4- dan HSO4-, ClO2-, NH4+ dan HCO3-.
5. Setarakan persamaan reaksi berikut dan tuliskan persamaan reaksi ionnya dan persamaan total ion (jika ada)
a. HBr + NH3
b. Ba(OH)2 + H3PO4
c. HClO4 + Mg(OH)2
d. CH3COOH + KOH
e. H2CO3 + NaOH
f. HNO3 + Ba(OH)2
Catatan; please be noticed that due to blogger limited for editing text; i can't used an upper or below text.
Monday 26 September 2011
Task 2
Soal
- Nitrat Oksida (NO) bereaksi dengan gas Oksigen membentuk nitrogen dioksida (NO2) menurut reaksi:
2NO (g) + O2 (g) 2NO2 (g)
Dalam suatu percobaan, 0,886 mol NO dicampurkan dengan 0.503 mol O2. Hitunglah mana diantara kedua gas tersebut yang menjadi reagen pembatas. Hitung juga jumlah mol NO2 yang dihasilkan
- Propana (C3H8) adalah suatu komponen dari fas alami dan biasa digunakan untuk pemanasan dan memasak.
- Setarakan persamaan reaksi berikut pada pembakaran propana di udara:
C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O
- Berapa gram CO2 yang diproduksi jika kita membakar 3,65 mol propana? Kita asumsikan Oksigen sebagai gas yang berlebih.
- Penipisan Ozon (O3) pada lapisan stratosfir semakin menjadi perhatian para ilmuwan beberapa tahun terakhir ini. Dipercaya bahwa ozon bisa bereaksi dengan nitrat oksida (NO) yang dibuang pesawat jet berkecapatan tinggi (SST = supersonic transport). Reaksinya adalah:
O3 + NO O2 + NO2
Jika 0,740 gram O3 bereaksi dengan 0.670 gram NO, berapa gram NO2 yang
dihasilkan? Zat mana yang menjadi reagen pembatas? Hitung jumlah mol dari reagen sisa pada hasil akhir reaksi tersebut.
- Hidrogen fluorida digunakan pada industri pembuatan freon (yang merusak ozon di lapisan stratosfer), dan pada produksi logam alumunium. Reaksinya adalah:
CaF2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2HF
Pada suatu proses, 6,00 kg CaF2 direaksikan dengan H2SO4 sisa dan menghasilkan 2,86 kg HF. Hitunglah persentasi hasil nyata dari HF.
- Nitrogliserin (C3H5N3O9) adalah bahan berdaya ledak kuat. Proses dekomposisinya adalah :
4 C3H5N3O9 6N2 + 12CO2 + 10H2O + O2
Reaksi di atas menghasilkan sejumlah besar panas dan produksi gas yang banyak. Pembentukan yang tiba-tiba dan perubahan yang sangat cepat dari gas-gas tersebut yang menyebabkan terjadinya ledakan.
- Berapa jumlah maksimal O2 dalam gram yang dapat diperoleh dari 2,00 x 102 gram nitrogliserin?
- Hitung persentasi hasil pada reaksi tersebut jika jumlah O2 yang dihasilkan adalah 6,55 gram.
- Definisikan apa yang dimaksud dengan solut, pelarut dan larutan melalui proses pelarutan suatu padatan ke dalam cairan.
- Sebutkan perbedaan antara nonelektrolit dan elektrolit; serta antara elektrolit lemah dan elektrolit kuat.
- Bedakan senyawa-senyawa berikut menurut pengklasifikasiannya elektrolit kuat, lemah dan nonelektrolit:
- H2O
- KCl
- HNO3
- CH3COOH
- C12H22O11
- Ba(NO3)2
- Ne
- NH3
- NaOH
- Sebutkan perbedaan antara persamaan ion dan persamaan molekul
- Bedakan senyawa-senyawa berikut sebagai larut dan tidak larut dalam air
- Ca3(PO4)2
- Mn(OH)2
- AgClO3
- K2S
- CaCO3
- ZnSO4
- Hg(NO3)2
- HgSO4
- NH4ClO4
Sunday 25 September 2011
Swimming and Biking for Humanity
Pernahkah anda bermimpi suatu saat akan melakukan suatu petualangan di suatu negeri yang sangat jauh dengan tempat tinggal anda? Apa yang anda bayangkan ketika kesempatan itu tiba? Life is not a dream. Berhenti bermimpi dan lakukan usaha untuk petualangan itu! Lima mahasiswa program Master Teknik Sipil pada Delft Technology University, Belanda, masing-masing Guido van der Salm, Robert Mud, Leon Schadee, Paul Notenboom dan Patrick Knook melakukan proyek penelitian selama 10 minggu di Manado, tentang erosi dan reklamasi pantai. Di sela-sela merampungkan penelitian mereka, berbagai petualangan baru mereka dapatkan. Salah satu petualangan mereka, ditulis langsung oleh Robert Mud berikut ini.
Minggu ini adalah minggu ke enam kami berada di Manado. Setelah melakukan persiapan selama beberapa minggu, hari ini akhirnya tiba; hari untuk berenang! Sejak subuh semua persiapan telah kami selesaikan, mata-mata yang masih mengantuk telah terbuka dan perjalanan ke Tongkaina siap dilakukan. Rasanya hampir tidak percaya kami melupakan rencana itu di minggu terakhir, ringkasnya begini: sekitar 3 minggu yang lalu, kami merencanakan untuk bergabung dengan kegiatan berenang dari Tongkaina ke Pulau Bunaken, pada acara “Celebrate the Sea”, untuk pengumpulan dana bagi Yayasan Kehidupan Anda (kunjungi website kami pada http://www.projectmanado.com/en/kehidupan-anda-foundation-2/). Di minggu terakhir, keluarga, teman, tetangga dan para pembaca blog kami, kami banjiri dengan permintaan sumbangan. Sekalipun sedikit, misalnya 5 euro, tetap kami tunggu. Jumlah ini sebanding dengan 1 euro per peserta petualangan kami. Tetapi tunggu kejutannya di akhir petualangan ini untuk melihat apakah semua peserta berhasil menyebrang ke Pulau Bunaken. Tetapi minggu ke enam ini, tidak hanya kami tandai dengan pesan dari Tongkaina ke Bunaken.
Minggu ke enam dimulai dengan penuh berkat. Hari Minggu kami diundang merayakan 47 tahun berdirinya suatu jemaat di Manado. Di jemaat inilah Bapak Walikota dan Istrinya melayani sebagai Penatua. Bagi sebagian kami, rasanya kurang terpikir untuk mengikuti kegiatan ini pada suatu pagi di Hari Minggu, tapi tampaknya bermanfaat juga. Kurangnya penguasaan lagu-lagu ternyata bukan masalah, ada 2 layar besar yang disiapkan. Layar tersebut bukan saja menampilkan keseluruhan ibadah tetapi juga teks lagu yang dinyanyikan, layaknya sebuah karaoke. Dengan cara ini, kami seperti koor 5 pemuda yang menyanyikan hampir semua lagu Indonesia.
Dengan permulaan yang baik di awal minggu, tentunya keseluruhan minggu akan berakhir sukses juga. Hari Senin, semua analisa selesai, sehingga kami bisa memulai langkah selanjutnya untuk menyelesaikan laporan kami. Beberapa kali tukar pikiran menghasilkan pembahasan yang bagus yang bisa kami gunakan untuk menuliskan saran di akhir laporan kami. Proses pembahasan dan penyusunan sesi ini berjalan sampai akhir minggu. Secara keseluruhan minggu ke enam ini adalah minggu yang produktif. Tapi dalam pendahuluan telah disebutkan bahwa untuk melengkapi keseluruhan proyek kami, beberapa kegiatan akan ditambahkan.
Bagi kami minggu ini adalah juga minggu olahraga. Selain berenang, kami juga melakukan kegiatan bersepeda untuk kemanusiaan.
Kita mulai dengan berenang. Alarm kami pasang pada pukul 4 subuh, kami harus tiba di lokasi secepatnya karena penyebrangan direncanakan sepagi mungkin. Kami akan melakukan petualangan penyebrangan bersama dengan 39 anak lainnya. Petualangan ini membawa pesan penting, dimana sponsornya akan diberikan laporan secara berimbang. Jika anda masih ingin berpartisipasi, donasi masih tetap berlanjut, silakan menghubungi Yayasan Kehidupan anda pada http://kehidupan-anda.com/donation_page.html.
Bersama dengan kami berlima, hanya ada 6 anak yang mencapai Bunaken. Anak-anak ini, laki-laki dan perempuan disambut bagai pahlawan. Secara keseluruhan mereka berenang selama lebih dari 4 jam, untuk seseorang yang berumur sekitar 16 tahun, ini adalah pencapaian besar dan membutuhkan ketekunan besar. Kami angkat topi untuk hasil tersebut. Di Pulau Bunaken, kami makan siang sambil menikmati tari ”trash zombie”, sebelum kembali ke Thalassa, tempat kami memulai kegiatan renang tersebut.
Di Pelabuhan Thalassa, waktunya tiba … cek yang berisi jumlah donasi yang terkumpul akan diserahkan kepada kami. Setelah pidato singkat, cek dihadirkan. Hanya saja, ada yang kurang…. Masih kosong! Diikuti dengan tabuhan drum, jumlahnya dituliskan. Sejumlah Rp. 11 juta terkumpul (setara dengan kira-kira € 900) !! Ini bisa terjadi karena bantuan anda-anda, pembaca blog kami. Kami, projectgroep Manado, ingin berterima kasih pada semua yang mendukung kami. Berikut ini ada beberapa orang yang ingin kami sebut untuk kontribusi mereka, yaitu Natasja Storm, M.P. van Dis, Manouk van Lieshout, Vera Schadee, Meneer en Mevrouw Vijfhoek, Geert & Jeannette Knook, Bram Polak, Fred & Joke Slijk, Sjaak & Henriëtte van der Salm, Mevr. M.W. de Regt, Stephanie Schetselaar, Familie Schetselaar, Leo en Maddy Notenboom, Nathalie van der Salm, ‘Tiza’ Hanna Yashinta Kuhu, Febrina Sumanti, W.M. Sumanti, Marcio Ronix, Julian Talumepa en Julanka.
Selain kemajuan besar di atas, tidak banyak waktu untuk istirahat. Pagi berikutnya kami juga harus meninggalkan tempat tidur pada waktu subuh. Jam 6 pagi, kegiatan bersepeda akan dilakukan. Setelah beberapa menit persiapan, akhirnya semuanya berada di atas sepeda masing-masing. Bersama dengan Ibu Paula kami bersepeda menuju Kantor Walikota.
Hari itu ada kegiatan bersepeda bersama ini adalah dalam rangka perayaan Ulang Tahun Palang Merah Indonesia. Senangnya kami tidak sendirian bersepeda. Dari Kantor Walikota, beberapa sekolah bergabung. Bersama dengan lebih dari 280 murid SMP dan SMA, kami berdiri di atas pedal sepeda dan bersama-sama meninggalkan halaman kantor Walikota. Titik akhir berada kurang lebih 1 jam, waktu melawan arus lalulintas Indonesia yang sangat berbahaya. Terima kasih untuk dukungan kawalan dari Kepolisian, sehingga tidak ada kecelakaan selama perjalanan. Semua orang mencapai garis finish, terminal Malalayang dimana dilaksanakan kegiatan donor darah dan pengobatan gratis oleh PMI Kota Manado. Saat melakukan evaluasi, kami sadar kami merindukan saat-saat bersepeda yang biasa kami lakukan di Belanda. Mungkin kami dapat melakukannya pada pagi hari, mudah-mudahan ……
Catatan:
· Selama berenang dari Tongkaina ke Bunaken, tidak ada binatang atau tumbuhan yang disakiti. Flora dan fauna tidak diusik.
· Jangan kuatir dengan peserta yang tidak mencapai finish. Mereka tidak dimakan hiu, tidak tenggelam atau pun hal-hal mengerikan lainnya. Sepanjang perjalanan ada 5 perahu yang akan menjemput peserta yang kelelahan dan tidak sanggup melanjutkan berenang.
(penasaran dengan pengalaman mereka yang lainnya? Tunggu lanjutannya ....)
Wednesday 7 September 2011
Chemistry Balance
A. Setarakan reaksi-reaksi berikut:
1. H2O2 H2O + O2
2. N2 + H2 NH3
3. Zn + AgCl ZnCl2 + Ag
4. S8 + O2 SO2
5. NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O
6. Cl2 + NaI NaCl + I2
7. KOH + H3PO4 K3PO4 + H2O
8. CH4 + Br2 CBr4 + HBr
9. N2O5 N2O4 + O2
10. KNO3 KNO2 + O2
11. NH4NO3 N2O + H2O
12. NH4NO2 N2 + H2O
13. NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
14. P4O10 + H2O H3PO4
15. HCl + CaCO3 CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
16. Al + H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + H2
17. CO2 + KOH K2CO3 + H2O
18. CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
19. Be2C + H2O Be(OH)2 + CH4
20. Cu + HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + NO + H2O
21. S + HNO3 H2SO4 + NO2 + H2O
22. NH3 + CuO Cu + N2 + H2O
B. Jumlah Reaktan dan Produk Hasil Reaksi
1. Dengan mempertimbangkan reaksi pembakaran Karbonmonoksida dengan Oksigen dalam reaksi sebagai berikut:
2CO(g) + O2 (g) 2CO2(g)
dimulai dengan 3,60 mol CO, hitunglah mol produk CO2 jika Oksigen yang tersedia cukup untuk bereaksi dengan semua CO.
2. Silikon tetraklorida bisa dihasilkan dengan pemanasan Si dalam gas klorin, melalui reaksi:
Si (s) + 2Cl2 (g) SiCl4 (l)
Dalam suatu reaksi, terbentuk 0,507 mol SiCl4 (l).Berapa mol molekul klorin yang digunakan untuk reaksi tersebut?
- Amonia adalah sumber utama pupuk Nitrogen, dihasilkan dari reaksi antara Hidrogen dan Nitrogen berikut ini:
3H2 (g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
Jika dalam suatu reaksi ada 6 mol NH3 yang terbentuk, berapa mol H2 dan berapa mol N2 yang diperlukan untuk bereaksi?
- Jika baking soda (=sodium bikarbonat atau sodium hidrogen karbonat = NaHCO3 = bahan pengembang kue) dipanaskan, akan melepas gas karbondioksida, yang bertanggungjawab pada proses pengembangan donat, roti, martabak manis dan lain-lain.
- Tuliskan persamaan reaksi tersebut
- Hitung massa NaHCO3 yang diperlukan untuk memproduksi 20,5 gram CO2.
- Jika Potassium Cianida (KCN) bereaksi dengan asam, akan terbentuk gas beracun yang mematikan, hidrogen sianida (HCN). Persamaan reaksinya adalah:
KCN (aq) + HCl (aq) KCl (aq) + HCN (g)
Jika 0,140 gram KCN direaksikan dengan sejumlah HCl, hitunglah jumlah HCN yang terbentuk dalam gram.
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